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可以说当今工业控制所要求的性能,plc可满足85%至90%。其不足部分可用其它办法补充。近几年来plc也在不断提高其技术内涵,融合了it技术(包括以太网,因特网,无线网技术,现场总线技术,以及运用软件工程方法提升plc的编程语言,开发全新的编程系统,等等)。
plc在开放性方面也有了实质性的突破。前十多年plc被攻击的一个重要方面就是它的专有性,现在有了极大的改观。plc采用了各种工业标准,如iec 61131,ieee802.3以太网,tcp/ip,udp/ip等,各种事实上的工业标准,如windows nt,opc等。
plc在硬件上也有长足进步。微电子技术的进展全都运用到plc中,元器件的集成度越来越高,促使plc成本下降和可靠性提高。专为plc的cpu设计的plc-on-a-chip芯片业已问世多年。plc的高端产品在体系结据美国venture development corp.报告,2000年全世界共销售dcs系统,plc系统和pc控制系统达220亿美元。其中dcs 40.5%;plc 46.3%;pc控制 13.2% 。 这三种控制系统所用的分散型/远程i/o的市场销售额也为220亿美元。年增长率为6.6%。到2005年估计达300亿美元。从应用领域看,dcs仍然牢牢把握大规模连续流程工业(i/o达数千点)过程控制的应用。plc已经拥入批量控制市场,在其传统的离散制造工业仍然占据主导地位。软plc/pc控制采用工控pc机(或嵌入式pc机)和强实时os,可实现plc功能和运动控制。直至今日,pc控制在可靠性、安全性等方面还未取得广泛认可。所谓软plc实际就是在pc机的平台上、在windows操作环境下,用软件来实现plc的功能。此概念大约在1996年以后才被介绍到国内来。由于这种技术尚不成熟,所以只有在学术界少数人对此关注。尽管interllution和 wonderware的hmi和scada软件在我国推广都很成功,但它们的软逻辑、软plc产品p-31和incontrol却少有人问津。当然,这两家公司也不曾刻意去开发这个市场。
think&do和steeperchase 的vlc都是1998、1999年进入中国市场的,特别是think&do花了很大的努力,至今仍不尽如人意。当然有一些成功应用,如邮件分拣系统。我感觉,这多少与它们不采用iec 61131-3,而是倡导用流程图编程语言不无关系。
德国kw公司在1998年以后就在北京设立办事处,着力推广其符合iec 61131-3的编程系统multiprog和 控制程序proconos。
siemens从2001年开始在国内推介其软plc系列产品winac,已经有了一些应用。他们是很有战略眼光的。德国inforteam公司的 openpcs 在国内也开始了市场开拓活动,2002年6月曾在上海的自动化展览会上举办过技术交流。
我国自行开发的dcs系统,如上海自仪公司的supmax-800,选用法国cj international公司的符合iec 61131-3的isagraf和美国的强实时操作系统vxworks。北京的和理时已采用inforteam的opebpcs开发新的dcs。1992年以后,可编程序控制器国际标准iec 61131的各个部分陆续公布施行。中国的工业过程测量和控制标准化委员会按与iec国际标准等效的原则,组织翻译出版工作。于1995年12月29日以gb/t 15969.1,15969.2,15969.3,15969.4 颁布了plc的国家标准。该标准只涉及iec 61131的、第二、第三和第四部分,没有纳入1995年以后出版的第五部分通信、第七部分模糊控制编程软件工具、第八部分iec 61131-3语言的实现导则。
自标准颁布之后,并没有产生很大的影响。原因在于:中国不存在真正像样的plc制造业; 在中国国内有影响的plc并不积极推介; 包括该标准的主管部门在内,很少有组织的推进活动。直到1998年以后,由于iec 61131-3在国际控制业界的影响越来越大,在中国国内有影响的plc开始提及自身符合或兼容iec 61131-3;若干新推出的dcs系统也公开宣称,符合或兼容iec 61131-3。于是,人们才关注这个标准。在有关专业杂志上有专文介绍该标准的制订背景、重要性、标准的主要内容。中国机电一体化技术应用协会组织翻译了两名德国作者karl-heinz john和miachael tiegelkamp写的专著:'iec 61131-3:工业自动化系统的程序编制'。现已由该协会内部发行。近,中国机电一体化技术应用协会(cameta)与以开发基于iec 61131-3的编程系统称著的德国kw公司远东总经理robert champoud先生合作,组织协调有关iec 61131项目的研讨会活动,得到siemens、phoenix、富士电机的大力支持。这对于促进它的推广,有着深远的意义。在中国,大约从1974、75年在北京和上海开始开发采用位片式微处理芯片的可编程顺序控制器,并有所应用。但一直未能形成批量生产。在改革开放刚起步的1979年,在当时的机械部仪表局的推动下,开始从美国modicon引进起584的plc,并首先在电站的辅机如输煤、除灰除渣、水处理系统以及水泥厂等控制系统中成功应用,从而大大推动了plc在我国工业的大规模运用。遗憾的是,花了很大一笔外汇的这个项目并不曾形成良性的有后续的发展。
自1985年开始,小型plc首先是日本三菱电机公司的melsec-f,通过非政府渠道进入中国市场。不到三、四年时间,小型plc就形成了大面积的推广应用局面。1990年以后,siemens、allen bradley以及其它知名开始大举进入中国市场,占据中、大型的plc的较大份额。1995年后形成了大型plc以欧美为主、中型plc欧美和日本平分秋色、小型plc则以日本为主、siemens也步步紧逼的格局。至今没有很大改变。集中式数字控制系统于七八十年代占主导地位。采用单片机、plc、slc或微机作为控制器,控制器内部传输的是数字信 号,因此克服了模拟仪表控制系统中模拟信号精度低的缺陷,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。集中式数字控制系统的优点是易于根据全局情况进行控制计算和判断,在控制方式、控制机时的选择上可以统一调度和安排;不足的是,对控制器本身要求很高,必须具有足够的处理能力和极高的可靠性,当系统任务增加时,控制器的效率和可靠性将急剧下降。集散控制系统(dcs)于八、九十年代占主导地位。其核心思想是集中管理、分散控制,即管理与控制相分离,上位机用于集中监视管理功能,若干台下位机下放分散到现场实现分布式控制,各上下位机之间用控制网络互连以实现相互之间的信息传递。因此,这种分布式的控制系统体系结构有力地克服了集中式数字控制系统中对控制器处理能力和可靠性要求高的缺陷。在集散控制系统中,分布式控制思想的实现正是得益于网络技术的发展和应用,遗憾的是,不同的dcs厂家为达到垄断经营 的目的而对其控制通讯网络采用各自专用的封闭形式,不同厂家的dcs系统之间以及dcs与上层intranet、internet信息网络之间难以实现网络互连和信息共享,因此集散控制系统从该角度而言实质是一种封闭专用的、不具可互操作性的分布式控制系统且dcs造价昂贵。在这种情况下,用户对网络控制系统提出了开放化和降低成本的迫切要求。层和应用层3层之上附加了用户层,通过对象字典od(object dictionary)和设备描述语言ddl(device description language)实现可互操作性。目前基于ff的现场总线产品有,美国smar公司生产的压力温度变送器,honeyweill&rockweill 推出的processlogix系统,fisher-rosemount推出的plantweb。profibus(process fieldbus)德国西门子公司1987年推出,主要应用于plc。产品有三类:fms用于主站之间的通讯;dp用于制造行业从站之间的通讯;pa用于过程行业从站之间的通讯。由于profibus开发生产的现场总线产品开发时间早至 十年前,限于当时计算机网络水平,大多建立在it网络标准基础上,随着应用领域不断扩大和用户要求越来越高,现场总线的 产品只能在原有it协议框架上进行局部的修改和补充,以致在控制系统内增加了很多的转换单元(如各种耦合器),这为该产 品今后的进一步发展带来了一定的局限性。要不要搞fcs在国外正蓬勃发展,我国工控界应如何迎接自控领域这场变革的到来呢?这个问题可从分析我国工控业的发展历程和现状中找到答案。我国民族工控产品如plc、dcs长期落后于国外,根本原因是国外少数几家大公司为保证其垄断经营的地位对其工控产品采用封闭式结构,我国对其关键核心技术只有通过引进消化后方可掌握,因此贻误了市场时机而总是落后于人家,受制于人。现场总线技术的开放性策略无疑为我国工控界在国际市场上的发展带来了一个千载难逢的平等竞争机遇,当游戏规则的变更使大家站在同一起跑线上时,就看谁捷足先登,抢先占领市场,把握主动权,终领导市场。因此,我们应当紧紧抓住这一契机,率先推出有中国特色的现场总线产品,开创中国自己的国际工控产品的,从而翻开中国工控界发展的新篇章。 针对楼宇自动化行业,鉴于lonworks现场总线在该领域中突出的业绩,我们开发研制出一种基于lonworks通用网络型智能控制器节点产品和可视图形化控制组态平台——visual control configuration 。该套产品特色在于目前国外大多数lonworks产品开发商仍停留在集成echelon公司提供的neuron c 编程环境阶段,欲使用neuron c 编制高效的控制应用程序,不仅需要熟悉这种指令语言本身,而且必须对neuron1芯片的内部硬件结构、存储器的地址空间分配等各个技术环节有深入的了解和掌握,这对终用户和现场技术人员来说显然是不现实的要求,可视图形化控制组态平台visual control configuration很好地解决了这一问题,类似流程图的图形化表示方法,控制组态语言按照国际电工委员会iec1131-3标准,将控制程序变为工程技术人员所构思的控制策略的图形化映象,而图元间的连接关系则表示控制算法的数据流程,有经验的现场 控制技术人员无须专门培训即可在短期内完成控制策略的编制,方便高效。目前,我们已在工程项目中应用该控制组上世纪60年代后期,根据当时汽车市场需求和计算技术的发展,在美国麻萨诸塞州bedford的bedford associates,向美国汽车制造业提议开发一种modular digital controller(modicon)取代继电控制盘。其它一些公司也建议以计算机为基础的方案。其核心思想是采用软件编程方法代替继电控制的硬接线方式,并备有生产现场大量使用的输入传感器和输出执行器的接口,以便于进行大规模生产线的流程控制。这就是以后被称为programmable logic controller的由来。modicon 084是世界上种投入商业生产的plc。0年代是plc崛起,首先在汽车工业获得大量应用,在其它产业部门也开始应用的时期。80年代是它走向成熟,全面采用微电子及微处理器技术;大量推广应用,并奠定其在工业控制中不可动摇地位的时期。在此阶段plc销售始终以两位数百分点的速度增长,前六年的增长率超过35%,后四年稳定发展,年增长率约12%。90年代又开始了它的第三个发展时期。随着plc的国际标准iec 61131的正式颁布,推动了plc在技术上发动新的突破:在系统体系结构上,从传统的单机向多cpu和分布式及远程控制系统发展;在编程语言上,文本化和图形化的语言多样性,创造了更具表达控制要求、文字处理、通信能力的编程环境。
从应用范围和应用水平上,除了继续发展机械加工自动生产线的控制系统外,则是发展以plc为基础的dcs系统、监控和数据采scada系统、柔性制造系统(fms)、安全联锁保护(esd)系统、运动控制系统等,全方位地产提高plc的应用范围和水平。
进入90年代后期,由于用户对开放性的强烈要求和压力,由于信息技术的大力推动,plc如果还停留在原有的专用而又封闭的系统概念上,它将坐以待毙。于是plc进入了其发展的第四阶段。其特征是:
在保留plc功能的前提下,采用面向现场总线网络的体系结构,采用开放的通信接口,如以太网、高速串口等。
采用各种相关的国际工业标准和一系列的事实上的标准。
值得注意的是plc和dcs这些原来处于不同硬件平台的系统,正随着计算技术、通信技术和编程技术的发展,趋向于建立同一硬件平台,运用同一个操作系统、同一个编程系统,执行不同的dcs和plc功能。这就是真正意义上的eic三电一体化。或者说dcs和plc的形态将会变化,而它们的功能依然存在。其中的关键技术应该是嵌入式pc系统及支持现场总线的i/o (硬件) ,以及以iec 61161-3为基础的编程系统及强实时(hard real-time)操作系统。
配电箱、柜的所有技术指标必须符合规范及设计要求。投标人应明确生产的产品执行的标准(国家标准gb7251、行业标准、企业标准),并根据所依据的标准提供相应的国标、行标或企标(企业标准应高于国标或行标)。
所有的电气元件及技术参数必须符合设计要求,如需更改必须按正规工程资料(洽商)表格的要求填写并经设计院、建设单位、监理、施工单位及厂方代表共同签字认可。否则由此产生的损失由供货单位负责。
根据本工程图纸选有代表性的暗装箱、明装箱、配电柜生产样品,完后通知建设单位、监理、施工单位有关人员验收通过后,方可全面生产。
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netapp x226 72gb fc-al zcs hard drive for fc9 shelf
we buy your netapp, emc, ibm, sun surplus.
netapp x1025d gigabit ethernet iv card (optical w/ sc)
netapp x1025c gigabit ethernet iii controller
netapp x278a-r5 144gb 15k fc-al 4gb drive for ds14 mk4
we buy your netapp, emc, ibm, sun surplus.
network appliance netapp fas940c filer
netapp netcache x259a 100gb sata hdd for c1300 sc300
one-day shipping available
netapp rs-1400-fc
netapp x721a f800 series filer power supply
netapp x286a-r5 sas 15k 300gb
4 hard drives available
netapp nvram6 w/ 2gb, na 111-00138 + f0
netapp 144gb 15k rpm disk drive, model no. x275, x275b
x1925a netapp clustered dual 2gb pci card
netapp ds14 shelf 14-drive capacity storage array unit
netapp fas920 2gb 256mb appliance filer head
netapp 110-01599 pci nvram memory board 32mb
netapp nearstore network r100 5u rm filer head unit
netapp 106-00026+d0 2gb esh module rs-esh2-fc-14-cu
netapp x1025b optical gigabit ethernet card 106-01382
one-day shipping available
netapp x1025c optical gigabit ethernet card 106-02282
one-day shipping available
netapp x2051a dual port fc-al controller card 111-00051
one-day shipping available
netapp x1025d optical gigabit ethernet card 106-00014
one-day shipping available
4 qlogic qla2352 64 bit san blade fc hbas netapp
netapp f825
netapp x2050b-r5 dual fc, 2gb, pci-x, optical hba
netapp r200 256mb nvram4 card 111-00023+c0
netapp x278a 144gb 15k fc ds14 mk2 mk4 1 year warranty
netapp 114-00021 ac ps astec rs-psu-450-ac1n 65667-02a
netapp x267a - 500gb sata hd - st3500630ns - seagate
netapp ds14 storage array 14x 72gb 10k fiber channel
netapp ds14mk2-fc storage array 14x 72gb 10k fiber
seagate fc 10k hard drive st3146707fc netapp 146gb new!
netapp f720 filer head unit
netapp 144gb 15k rpm 4gb fc r5 disk x278a-r5 mk4 ~~
one-day shipping available
netapp x2040b fiber channel fc-al storage controller
one-day shipping available
netapp f85 filer head w/ 90 day warranty
netapp x1925a mellanox infiniband cluster adapter ib
expedited shipping available
netapp 72gb 10k disk for ds14 network appliance x235
netapp f720 filer head unit w/ gigabit fibre channel
netapp x225 36gb 10k zcs disk for fc9 network appliance
netapp x225a 36gb zcs disk for fc9 network appliance
netapp x225b 36gb zcs disk for fc9 network appliance
netapp x278a-r5-c dsk drv,144gb,15k rpm,4gb,fc,-c,r5
one-day shipping available
netapp ds14 mk2 shelf w/ trays
netapp 111-00042 jni ibp dual 2gb pci card
netapp x204 2gb scsi disk for ss1
netapp x1904a 4m copper cluster cable
netapp sp-6201a environmental data monitor edm fc7/fc8
netapp x1011 f800 system fan network appliance sp-1011
netapp x6501a lrc module for fc7 / fc8 shelf
netapp x650 fc7 fc-al disk shelf
netapp x655 fc8 fc-al disk shelf
netapp sp-720c power supply 110/220v ac x720c
netapp sk-shelf-fc9 spares kit for fc9 disk shelf
netapp sp-3161a 128 mb ecc dimm c630/f630
netapp x224a 36gb 7200 zcs disk for fc9
netapp-x225c-36gb 10k hh zcs fc-al hard drive for fc9
netapp-x231-36gb 10k hh zcs fc-al hard drive for fc9
netapp psu, rs-psu-450-ac1n, 440 watt output. **new**
netapp xl401r-s-02z netapp se shelf storage array
one-day shipping available
3 units netapp 114-00012-do power supply rs-psu-450-ac1
netapp x1035b-r5 new x1035br5 dual port gigabit etherne
expedited shipping available
netapp x276a 300gb fc-al drive for ds14 mk2 shelf
we buy your netapp, emc, ibm, sun surplus.
network appliance netapp f230 scsi system box & memory
108-00056+a1 ds14 72gb 10k fc hard drive netapp
expedited shipping available
netapp x274b-r5 144gb disk drive new
netapp x262b-r5 250gb disk drive new
netapp ds14 fiber storage shelf 14x72gb 1tb
netapp 114-00012+c0 ds14 440w power supply
one-day shipping available
netapp x1025b netapp gigabit fibre ethernet adapter
one-day shipping available
netapp x6513 2m scsi lvd cable (vhdci-hd68)
netapp x1025b netapp gigabit fibre ethernet adapter
netapp xl401r-s-02z netapp 7-slot scsi-se disk enclosur
netapp x6518a 5m optical cable (lc-lc) netapps net app
netapp x6518a 5m optical cable (lc-lc) netapps net app
netapp 2gb single port fibre pci-x x1085
netapp dell pv720n board with cpu na110-01801 *new*
netapp nvram5 controller 111-00022+h0
netapp 111-00042 jni ibp-1x02-n-na infiniband cluster
netapp 111-00058 dual fibre server adapter
one-day shipping available
netapp x2050b-r5 111-00113 dual port fc-al hba
one-day shipping available
netapp x2050b 111-00113 dual port fc-al hba
one-day shipping available
netapp x1047-r5 / 106-00071 pci-x quad-port 10/100/100
one-day shipping available
netapp x1037 dual port 10/100/1000 106-00063
one-day shipping available
netapp x1035b-r5 x1035b x1035 dual port gbe
one-day shipping available
netapp x1033a-r5 2-port, fcp adapter ii (111-00018)
one-day shipping available
netapp 320gb 5400 rpm hdd x266 a sp 266 for ds14 mk2 at
netapp x3145a nvram5 w/ 512mb memory battery 111-00022
expedited shipping available
netapp x2023c ultra 160 dual channel lvd scsi 111-00024
expedited shipping available
netapp emulex lp10000 2gb single port fiber channel hba
netapp x276a-r5 300gb 10k fc disk for ds14mk2 shelf
netapp x881-r6 console serial cable adapter (rj45-db9)
netapp x1037b dual port gb ethernet controller
we buy your netapp, emc, ibm, sun surplus.
netapp x2050a fiber channel fc-al storage controller
we buy your netapp, emc, ibm, sun surplus.
netapp x267a-r5 500gb sata drive ds14 mk2 at
netapp x274 144gb fc-al hard drive for ds14 mk2 shelf
we buy your netapp, emc, ibm, sun surplus.
netapp 2gb esh2 controller x5511a-r5 106-00100 ds14 mk2
one-day shipping available
netapp g7gfs 0346-sgjp with ram board 4gb
netapp nvram board na110-02085 with memory - new/works
netapp-copperfibrechannel-shelf connector - working
network appliance netapp x5511a-r5 rohs esh2 controller
one-day shipping available
netapp x267a-r5 500gb sata to fc ds14 mk2 at one year
netapp 110-02091 pcb assy nvram3 128mb
one-day shipping available
netapp ds14mk2 73gb st373454fc shelf x273b sp-273b-r5
*** fully loaded with 14 73gb 15k drives ***
netapp x5612a-r5 at-fcx , module ds14mk2 fc 2gb
netapp x5505a esh module copper-copper cu-cu ds14 mk2
we buy your netapp, emc, ibm, sun surplus.
netapp x5506a esh module optical-copper op-cu ds14 mk2
netapp x5502a lrc module fiber-copper op-cu ds14
netapp x5501a lrc module copper-copper cu-cu ds14
netapp intel pro/1000 mt quad copper nic card x1047b-r6
netapp, sas, qsfp-qsfp, cu, 0.5 meter, x6557-r6 cable
netapp x286a 144gb 15k sas for 2020 series
netapp intel pro/1000 mt quad-port nic adapter x1047-r5
netapp x7005 rps1 redundant power supply 2u unit
netapp at-fc2 x5613 a storage controller lot new
netapp x5612a 106-00101 at-fcx module ds14mk2at fc
netapp x1911a 30m optical cluster cable (sc-sc)
netapp x6516a 30m optical cable (lc-sc)
netapp x6514a 15' serial console cable (db9-db9)
netapp x1930a 30m cluster interconnect cable
netapp x6519a 30m optical cable (lc-lc)
netapp 7 slot fc-1gb disk enclosure p/n: 108-01477
netapp r100
netapp ds14 disk shelf 2 power supplys 2 esh controller
one-day shipping available
netapp ds14/mk2 shelf rs-1401 w/ 14x 147gb hdd
netapp 111-00113 dual fc, 2gb, pci-x, optical hba
one-day shipping available
netapp 110-01599 pci nvram memory board 32mb *new*
intel 717040-004 pro 1000 pci fiber card - netapp f880
one-day shipping available
netapp x1941a sp-1941a cluster cable network appliance
netapp 111-00058 dual fibre server adapter
netapp 200-00641 dual fn/w scsi controller card
segate st3500630ns 500gb sata hdd netapp xyr 92557-01
intel a06512-005 pro 1000 network card from netapp f880
one-day shipping available
netapp 2gb esh2 x5511a-r5 module controller ds14mk2
vr5vr567218fbpn1 2gb net app
4x netapp x274b-r5 108-00082 144gb fc 10k ds14 mk2 mk4
netapp ds14mk2 w/ (5) 146gb 10k & (2) esh2 controllers
expedited shipping available
netapp x276a-r5 300gb fc 10k ds14 r5 hard drive - nib!
netapp 2gb esh2 x5511a module (sfp-sfp) fc for ds14mk2
one-day shipping available
netapp 2gb esh2 x5511a module for ds14mk2 disk shelf
one-day shipping available
netapp x2050b fc-al hba fc 2-port pcix 2gb qlogic
expedited shipping available
netapp 2gb esh2 x5511a module mk2 fc for ds14mk2
one-day shipping available
netapp x8529a hot-swap system fan network appliance
netapp 2gb esh2 x5511a module (sfp-sfp) fc for ds14mk2
one-day shipping available
x275a-r5 144gb 15k netapp 146gb st3146854fc
x278a-r5 netapp 144gb, 15k disk drive
netapp 7x9gb 7200 zcs fc8 shelf network appliance
netapp 146gb 10k insled seagate st3146807fc ds-14
seagate st3146807fc 10k 146gb hdd netapp ds-14 insleds
netapp x1030a sp-1030a hot swap fan network appliance
netapp x655 7x9gb 7200 zcs fc8 shelf
netapp 7x9gb 7200 zcs fc7 shelf
netapp x6524 2m optical cable pair (2 x lc-lc)
netapp x6523 2m optical cable pair (2 x lc-sc)
netapp x2050a dual port optical fc-al controller (lc)
lot4 netapp x266a netapp 320gb 5400rpm sata disk
netapp x6524 2m optical cable pair (2 x lc-lc)
netapp 108-02281 300w psu
network appliance netapp fas250 filer no drives
netapp xlpsu-na1 netapp xlpsu-na1 pwr supply
netapp xyratex rs-lrc-fc-pbci 31589-13 raid controller
netapp x276a-r5 300gb 10k universal fc hard drive
netapp emulex lp1050ex 2gb single port fc hba
netapp emulex lp 10000 ex dc 2gb single port fc hba
netapp x274 x274b fc-al 10k 144gb drive for ds14 mk2
netapp network applicance f825 filer
netapp x1037c 2-port pcix ethernet controller nic dual
expedited shipping available
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